(1784–1833) was a controversial monarch whose turbulent reign reflected the political upheaval of early 19th-century Europe. Known as “El Deseado” (The Desired) upon ascending the throne in 1808, his reign began with betrayal when he abdicated in favor of Napoleon, leading to the Peninsular War. Restored in 1814, he abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812, reinstating absolute monarchy and repressing reform movements. Despite his unpopularity, Ferdinand retained power through shifting alliances. His death without a male heir led to the Carlist Wars, sparked by the succession dispute over his daughter, Isabella II, and further fracturing Spain’s stability.