also Emperor of Russia (reigned 1894–1917), was the Grand Duke of Finland during a period of increasing tension between Finland and the Russian Empire. His reign marked the beginning of the Russification of Finland, with efforts to limit Finnish autonomy and suppress national identity. These actions sparked resistance among Finns and fueled the rise of independence movements. Despite resistance, Nicholas continued his policies until his abdication in 1917. Later that year, Finland declared independence, ending over a century of Russian rule.